Iraq
A person looks at the profile page of slain Iraqi model and Instagram starlet Tara Fares in Baghdad on September 28, 2018. File photo: AFP
BAGHDAD, Iraq (AFP) — The threat came by anonymous Instagram message one late Iraqi evening, making Hala's blood run cold: "I've got all your pictures and recordings. Shall I send them to your dad?"
The young Iraqi woman received a wave of similar messages after hackers infiltrated her Facebook, Snapchat and Instagram accounts and stole explicit images she had sent in private.
"Some of them wanted money, some wanted a sexual relationship, even if it was just on the phone, others just wanted to bully me for no reason," said Hala, 25, whose name has been changed to protect her identity.
Women in Iraq say they are facing a staggering increase in online "sextortion" by both malicious hackers and former romantic partners to whom the women had knowingly sent photographs, a practice known as revenge porn.
Victims, activists and lawyers blame the phenomenon on a blend of factors: a conservative society, social media being used as virtual dating platforms, poor digital security among victims and weak laws.
The potential consequences can be devastating in a milieu as conservative as Iraq: at best, an indelible mark of shame on a family but at worst, a death sentence by "honour killing" for the victims.
Last year, Iraqi model and Instagram starlet Tara Fares was shot dead in Baghdad, with many suspecting gunmen who were contemptuous of her comparatively liberal lifestyle.
With Fares' fate in mind but unwilling to bend to her blackmailers' demands, Hala ultimately fled Iraq this year.
"But I still get threats. These people don't forget."
'Every kind of violence'
Widespread gender separation has pushed Iraqi youth to use sites like Facebook or Instagram as de facto dating platforms, said gender-based violence expert Rusul Kamel.
And in a country with no sex education at school, girls join secret all-female forums to discuss their bodies or seek advice.
The couples and groups often exchange intimate photographs -- which for a woman in Iraq can be something as mild as a picture without a traditional Muslim headscarf, "considered a shame in this society," said Kamel.
These images were being increasingly exploited, Kamel and other activists said, relaying testimonies of a half-dozen victims who declined interviews out of fear their identities would be revealed.
One woman paid $200 every month for four years to an ex-boyfriend so he wouldn't publish intimidate pictures of her, her colleague told AFP.
Another had her photographs stolen by a hacker and sold her telephone and jewelry to pay him off.
A third developed an online affair with a man, who then threatened to forward her pictures to her husband unless she slept with him.
"Cyber-extortion combines almost every kind of gender-based violence -- sexual, psychological, economic -- and the victims rarely find social or legal recourse," said Kamel.
'No deterrent'
Indeed, sextortion is rising partly because "there's no deterrent," said lawyer Marwa Abdulridha, who has been referred dozens of cases in the past three years.
She said entering a police station is considered taboo for Iraqi women, and victims also fear blackmailers could be protected by one of the country's powerful tribes.
"That's why most victims don't even file a complaint. Going to court is like a bogeyman for them," Abdulridha added.
Victims who do pursue a case often face judges who know little about the internet or classify the crime differently.
"I've had judges ask, 'what is this Facebook?'" she said.
"And if a judge sees the case as a man 'terrorising' a girl, he could apply the counter-terrorism clause and recommend the death sentence. Or he could see it as libel and order a fine," Abdulridha added.
Iraq's interior ministry said it opened three "sextortion" cases in Baghdad over the past month, charging some accused perpetrators with "criminal threats" and others with fraud.
But one department known as Iraq's community police is using a different approach.
Their stations have female officers to encourage victims to come forward, and units are trained in dealing with gender-based violence under the principle of "do no harm".
"Our officers prioritise the victim's anonymity, and we pursue the case however she feels comfortable -- inside or outside the courts," said the force's national chief, Ghalib Atiya.
Community police units said they can be more effective than the courts -- in northern Mosul, units resolved three sextortion cases in a single week using reconciliation.
But Atiya said the problem is "spreading to a dangerous level," with women making up 60 to 70 percent of online extortion victims in Iraq, most in Baghdad and the tribal south.
"We need the law to really bring the numbers down," he said.
But Abdulridha, the lawyer, said real change required a more holistic approach.
Media should stop reporting such cases as scandals and non-government groups should provide digital security training to prevent hacking, she said.
"Otherwise, a girl can be killed in a split second," she said.
The young Iraqi woman received a wave of similar messages after hackers infiltrated her Facebook, Snapchat and Instagram accounts and stole explicit images she had sent in private.
"Some of them wanted money, some wanted a sexual relationship, even if it was just on the phone, others just wanted to bully me for no reason," said Hala, 25, whose name has been changed to protect her identity.
Women in Iraq say they are facing a staggering increase in online "sextortion" by both malicious hackers and former romantic partners to whom the women had knowingly sent photographs, a practice known as revenge porn.
Victims, activists and lawyers blame the phenomenon on a blend of factors: a conservative society, social media being used as virtual dating platforms, poor digital security among victims and weak laws.
The potential consequences can be devastating in a milieu as conservative as Iraq: at best, an indelible mark of shame on a family but at worst, a death sentence by "honour killing" for the victims.
Last year, Iraqi model and Instagram starlet Tara Fares was shot dead in Baghdad, with many suspecting gunmen who were contemptuous of her comparatively liberal lifestyle.
With Fares' fate in mind but unwilling to bend to her blackmailers' demands, Hala ultimately fled Iraq this year.
"But I still get threats. These people don't forget."
'Every kind of violence'
Widespread gender separation has pushed Iraqi youth to use sites like Facebook or Instagram as de facto dating platforms, said gender-based violence expert Rusul Kamel.
And in a country with no sex education at school, girls join secret all-female forums to discuss their bodies or seek advice.
The couples and groups often exchange intimate photographs -- which for a woman in Iraq can be something as mild as a picture without a traditional Muslim headscarf, "considered a shame in this society," said Kamel.
These images were being increasingly exploited, Kamel and other activists said, relaying testimonies of a half-dozen victims who declined interviews out of fear their identities would be revealed.
One woman paid $200 every month for four years to an ex-boyfriend so he wouldn't publish intimidate pictures of her, her colleague told AFP.
Another had her photographs stolen by a hacker and sold her telephone and jewelry to pay him off.
A third developed an online affair with a man, who then threatened to forward her pictures to her husband unless she slept with him.
"Cyber-extortion combines almost every kind of gender-based violence -- sexual, psychological, economic -- and the victims rarely find social or legal recourse," said Kamel.
'No deterrent'
Indeed, sextortion is rising partly because "there's no deterrent," said lawyer Marwa Abdulridha, who has been referred dozens of cases in the past three years.
She said entering a police station is considered taboo for Iraqi women, and victims also fear blackmailers could be protected by one of the country's powerful tribes.
"That's why most victims don't even file a complaint. Going to court is like a bogeyman for them," Abdulridha added.
Victims who do pursue a case often face judges who know little about the internet or classify the crime differently.
"I've had judges ask, 'what is this Facebook?'" she said.
"And if a judge sees the case as a man 'terrorising' a girl, he could apply the counter-terrorism clause and recommend the death sentence. Or he could see it as libel and order a fine," Abdulridha added.
Iraq's interior ministry said it opened three "sextortion" cases in Baghdad over the past month, charging some accused perpetrators with "criminal threats" and others with fraud.
But one department known as Iraq's community police is using a different approach.
Their stations have female officers to encourage victims to come forward, and units are trained in dealing with gender-based violence under the principle of "do no harm".
"Our officers prioritise the victim's anonymity, and we pursue the case however she feels comfortable -- inside or outside the courts," said the force's national chief, Ghalib Atiya.
Community police units said they can be more effective than the courts -- in northern Mosul, units resolved three sextortion cases in a single week using reconciliation.
But Atiya said the problem is "spreading to a dangerous level," with women making up 60 to 70 percent of online extortion victims in Iraq, most in Baghdad and the tribal south.
"We need the law to really bring the numbers down," he said.
But Abdulridha, the lawyer, said real change required a more holistic approach.
Media should stop reporting such cases as scandals and non-government groups should provide digital security training to prevent hacking, she said.
"Otherwise, a girl can be killed in a split second," she said.
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